How Did Shays Rebellion Lead To A Call For Change In The Us

Armed uprising in the U.S.

Shays' Rebellion
An artist's delineation of the rebellion: Shays' troops repulsed from the armory at Springfield, Massachusetts in early 1787
Appointment	August 29, 1786 – February 1787
Location	Western Massachusetts
Acquired past	Economical policy Aggressive tax and debt collection Political corruption and cronyism
Goals	Reform of state authorities, later its overthrow
Methods	Direct action to shut courts, then military organization in an attempt to capture the US arsenal at the Springfield Armory
Resulted in	Rebellion crushed, and problems of Federal authority linked to the Manufactures of Confederation spur U.s. Constitutional Convention
Parties to the ceremonious conflict
Anti-government protesters U.s.a. Massachusetts country militia Privately funded local militia
Lead figures
Daniel Shays Luke Day Eli Parsons Job Shattuck James Bowdoin Benjamin Lincoln William Shepard
Number
4,000+ (largest force 1,500) 4,000+ (largest strength 3,000)
Casualties and losses
6 killed Dozens wounded Many arrested ii hanged subsequently 3 killed[1] Dozens wounded

Shays' Rebellion was an armed uprising in Western Massachusetts and Worcester in response to a debt crisis amongst the citizenry and in opposition to the land regime's increased efforts to collect taxes both on individuals and their trades.^{[2] [3] [4]} The fight took place mostly in and around Springfield during 1786 and 1787. American Revolutionary War veteran Daniel Shays led four chiliad rebels (called Shaysites) in a protest against economic and civil rights injustices. Shays was a farmhand from Massachusetts at the start of the Revolutionary War; he joined the Continental Army, saw activity at the Battles of Lexington and Concord, Boxing of Bunker Loma, and Battles of Saratoga, and was somewhen wounded in activeness.

In 1787, Shays' rebels marched on the federal Springfield Arsenal in an unsuccessful try to seize its weaponry and overthrow the government. The confederal government found itself unable to finance troops to put down the rebellion, and it was consequently put down by the Massachusetts State militia and a privately funded local militia. The widely held view was that the Articles of Confederation needed to be reformed as the country'south governing document, and the events of the rebellion served equally a goad for the Ramble Convention and the creation of the new government.^[5]

At that place is still contend among scholars concerning the rebellion's influence on the Constitution and its ratification.

Background [edit]

Populist Governor John Hancock refused to crack down on taxation delinquencies and accustomed devalued paper currency for debts.

Creative person's depiction of protesters watching a debtor in a scuffle with a tax collector by the courthouse at Springfield, Massachusetts. The insurrection was a tax-related rebellion.

The economy during the American Revolutionary War was largely subsistence agriculture in the rural parts of New England, especially in the hill towns of key and western Massachusetts. Some residents in these areas had few assets beyond their country, and they bartered with one another for goods and services. In lean times, farmers might obtain appurtenances on credit from suppliers in local marketplace towns who would be paid when times were better.^[vi] In contrast, there was a market economy in the more economically developed coastal areas of Massachusetts Bay and in the fertile Connecticut River Valley, driven past the activities of wholesale merchants dealing with Europe and the West Indies.^[vii] The state government was dominated by this merchant class.^[8]

When the Revolutionary War ended in 1783, Massachusetts merchants' European business organization partners refused to extend lines of credit to them and insisted that they pay for appurtenances with hard currency, despite the land-wide shortage of such currency. Merchants began to demand the same from their local business concern partners, including those operating in the market towns in the state's interior.^[9] Many of these merchants passed on this need to their customers, although Governor John Hancock did not impose difficult currency demands on poorer borrowers and refused to actively prosecute the drove of delinquent taxes.^[10] The rural farming population was generally unable to meet the demands of merchants and the civil authorities, and some began to lose their land and other possessions when they were unable to fulfill their debt and taxation obligations. This led to strong resentments against tax collectors and the courts, where creditors obtained judgments against debtors, and where tax collectors obtained judgments authorizing property seizures.^[xi] A farmer identified as "Plough Jogger" summarized the situation at a meeting convened by aggrieved commoners:^{[12] [thirteen] [14]}

I have been greatly abused, have been obliged to practise more than than my part in the state of war, been loaded with class rates, town rates, province rates, Continental rates, and all rates ... been pulled and hauled by sheriffs, constables, and collectors, and had my cattle sold for less than they were worth... The bully men are going to become all nosotros have and I think it is time for u.s.a. to ascension and put a stop to information technology, and have no more courts, nor sheriffs, nor collectors nor lawyers.

Veterans had received footling pay during the war and faced added difficulty collecting payments owed to them from the Country or the Congress of the Confederation.^[12] Some soldiers began to organize protests against these oppressive economic weather. In 1780, Daniel Shays resigned from the army unpaid and went dwelling to find himself in courtroom for non-payment of debts. He shortly realized that he was not lone in his disability to pay his debts and began organizing for debt relief.^[15]

Early on rumblings [edit]

Governor James Bowdoin instituted a heavy tax burden and stepped up a collection of back taxes.

One early protest against the regime was led by Job Shattuck of Groton, Massachusetts in 1782, who organized residents to physically prevent tax collectors from doing their piece of work.^[16] A second, larger-scale protest took place in Uxbridge, Massachusetts on the Rhode Isle border on Feb three, 1783, when a mob seized property that had been confiscated by a constable and returned it to its owners. Governor Hancock ordered the sheriff to suppress these actions.^[17]

Most rural communities attempted to use the legislative process to gain relief. Petitions and proposals were repeatedly submitted to the state legislature to issue newspaper currency, which would depreciate the currency and make information technology possible to pay a high-value debt with lower-valued paper. The merchants were opposed to the idea, including James Bowdoin, since they stood to lose from such measures, and the proposals were repeatedly rejected.^[18]

Governor Hancock resigned in early on 1785 citing health reasons, though some suggested that he was anticipating trouble.^[19] Bowdoin had repeatedly lost to Hancock in earlier elections, but he was elected governor that year—and matters became more severe. He stepped up civil deportment to collect back taxes, and the legislature exacerbated the situation by levying an boosted property tax to raise funds for the country's portion of foreign debt payments.^[20] Even comparatively bourgeois commentators such as John Adams observed that these levies were "heavier than the People could bear".^[21]

Shutting down the courts [edit]

Protests in rural Massachusetts turned into direct action in August 1786 after the state legislature adjourned without considering the many petitions that had been sent to Boston.^{[22] [23]} On August 29, a well-organized forcefulness of protestors formed in Northampton, Massachusetts and successfully prevented the county courtroom from sitting.^[24] The leaders of this force proclaimed that they were seeking relief from the burdensome judicial processes that were depriving the people of their country and possessions. They called themselves Regulators, a reference to the Regulator movement of Northward Carolina which sought to reform corrupt practices in the late 1760s.^[25]

This modern map of Massachusetts is annotated to testify points of conflict. Places where military conflicts occurred are highlighted in red; the others are locations of courthouses that were shut down. The Quabbin Reservoir did not exist at the time between Petersham and Northampton.

Governor Bowdoin issued a proclamation on September 2 denouncing such mob activity, simply he took no military measures beyond planning a militia response to hereafter actions.^{[24] [26]} The court was then shut down in Worcester, Massachusetts by similar activity on September 5, but the county militia refused to turn out, as information technology was composed mainly of men sympathetic to the protestors.^[27] Governors of the neighboring states acted decisively, calling out the militia to hunt downwardly the ringleaders in their ain states after the get-go such protests.^[28] Matters were resolved without violence in Rhode Island considering the "state party" gained control of the legislature in 1786 and enacted measures forcing its merchants to trade debt instruments for devalued currency. Boston's merchants were concerned past this, peculiarly Bowdoin who held more than £3,000 in Massachusetts notes.^[29]

Daniel Shays had participated in the Northampton activity and began to have a more active role in the uprising in November, though he firmly denied that he was ane of its leaders. The Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts indicted 11 leaders of the rebellion as "hell-raising, riotous, and seditious persons".^[xv] The court was scheduled to come across next in Springfield, Massachusetts on September 26, and Shays organized an attempt to close it downward in Northampton, while Luke Day organized an attempt in Springfield.^[30] They were anticipated past William Shepard, the local militia commander, who began gathering regime-supporting militia the Saturday before the courtroom was to sit, and he had 300 men protecting the Springfield courthouse past opening time. Shays and Twenty-four hour period were able to recruit a similar number but chose merely to demonstrate, exercising their troops outside of Shepard's lines rather than attempting to seize the edifice.^[30] The judges first postponed hearings and so adjourned on the 28th without hearing any cases. Shepard withdrew his strength (which had grown to some 800 men) to the Springfield Armory, which was rumored to be the target of the protestors.^[31]

Militia general William Shepard defended the Springfield Armory against rebel activeness.

Protests were also successful in shutting down courts in Swell Barrington, Hold, and Taunton, Massachusetts in September and October.^[24] James Warren wrote to John Adams on Oct 22, "We are now in a state of Chaos and Confusion bordering on Civil War."^[32] Courts were able to meet in the larger towns and cities, but they required protection of the militia which Bowdoin called out for the purpose.^[24] Governor Bowdoin commanded the legislature to "vindicate the insulted nobility of government". Samuel Adams claimed that foreigners ("British emissaries") were instigating treason amid citizens. Adams helped describe up a Anarchism Human action and a resolution suspending habeas corpus so the authorities could legally keep people in jail without trial.

Adams proposed a new legal distinction that rebellion in a republic should be punished by execution.^[15] The legislature besides moved to brand some concessions on matters that upset farmers, saying that certain old taxes could now exist paid in goods instead of hard currency.^[15] These measures were followed past one prohibiting speech communication critical of the government and offering pardons to protestors willing to accept an adjuration of allegiance.^[33] These legislative actions were unsuccessful in quelling the protests,^[15] and the suspension of habeas corpus alarmed many.^[34]

Warrants were issued for the abort of several of the protest ringleaders, and a posse of some 300 men rode to Groton on November 28 to arrest Job Shattuck and other insubordinate leaders in the area. Shattuck was chased downwards and arrested on the 30th and was wounded past a sword slash in the process.^[35] This activeness and the arrest of other protest leaders in the eastern parts of the state angered those in the west, and they began to organize an overthrow of the state regime. "The seeds of war are now sown", wrote 1 correspondent in Shrewsbury,^[36] and past mid-January rebel leaders spoke of smashing the "tyrannical government of Massachusetts".^[37]

Rebellion [edit]

The federal government had been unable to recruit soldiers for the army because of a lack of funding, and then Massachusetts leaders decided to act independently. On Jan 4, 1787, Governor Bowdoin proposed creating a privately funded militia army. Former Continental Regular army Full general Benjamin Lincoln solicited funds and raised more than £half-dozen,000 from more than than 125 merchants by the stop of January.^[38] The 3,000 militiamen who were recruited into this army were almost entirely from the eastern counties of Massachusetts, and they marched to Worcester on Jan xix.^[39]

While the regime forces assembled, Shays and Day and other insubordinate leaders in the west organized their forces establishing regional regimental organizations that were run past democratically elected committees. Their get-go major target was the federal arsenal in Springfield.^[40] General Shepard had taken possession of the arsenal under orders from Governor Bowdoin, and he used its arsenal to arm a militia force of 1,200. He had done this even though the armory was federal property, non state, and he did non have permission from Secretary at War Henry Knox.^{[41] [42]}

The insurgents were organized into three major groups and intended to surround and attack the armory simultaneously. Shays had one group east of Springfield most Palmer. Luke Day had a second force across the Connecticut River in West Springfield. A tertiary strength under Eli Parsons was situated to the n at Chicopee.^[43] The rebels originally had planned their assail for January 25. At the last moment, Twenty-four hours changed this date and sent a message to Shays indicating that he would not exist prepare to attack until the 26th.^[44] Day'southward bulletin was intercepted by Shepard's men. Equally such, the militias of Shays and Parsons approached the armory on the 25th not knowing that they would have no support from the westward.^[45] Instead, they found Shepard's militia waiting for them. Shepard first ordered warning shots fired over the heads of Shays' men. He then ordered two cannons to fire grape shot. Four Shaysites were killed and xx wounded. At that place was no musket fire from either side. The rebel advance collapsed^[46] with most of the rebel forces fleeing n. Both Shays' men and Twenty-four hour period's men eventually regrouped at Amherst, Massachusetts.^[47]

Full general Lincoln immediately began marching w from Worcester with the three,000 men that had been mustered. The rebels moved generally due north and east to avoid him, somewhen establishing a camp at Petersham, Massachusetts. They raided the shops of local merchants for supplies along the manner and took some of the merchants hostage. Lincoln pursued them and reached Pelham, Massachusetts on Feb 2, some 20 miles (32 km) from Petersham.^[48] He led his militia on a forced march to Petersham through a bitter snowstorm on the dark of Feb 3–4, arriving early in the morning. They surprised the insubordinate army camp so thoroughly that the rebels scattered "without time to telephone call in their out parties or even their guards".^[49] Lincoln claimed to capture 150 men but none of them were officers, and historian Leonard Richards has questioned the veracity of the report. Most of the leadership escaped north into New Hampshire and Vermont, where they were sheltered despite repeated demands that they be returned to Massachusetts for trial.^[50]

Aftermath [edit]

Lincoln'due south march marked the end of big-scale organized resistance. Ringleaders who eluded capture fled to neighboring states, and pockets of local resistance continued. Some rebel leaders approached Lord Dorchester for assistance, the British governor of the Province of Quebec who reportedly promised assistance in the form of Mohawk warriors led by Joseph Brant.^[51] Dorchester's proposal was vetoed in London, however, and no aid came to the rebels.^[52] The same solar day that Lincoln arrived at Petersham, the country legislature passed bills authorizing a land of martial law and giving the governor broad powers to act against the rebels. The bills also authorized state payments to reimburse Lincoln and the merchants who had funded the army and authorized the recruitment of boosted militia.^[53] On February 16, 1787, the Massachusetts legislature passed the Disqualification Deed to prevent a legislative response past rebel sympathizers. This bill forbade whatsoever acknowledged rebels from property a variety of elected and appointed offices.^[54]

Almost of Lincoln's ground forces melted away in late February as enlistments expired, and he allowable merely 30 men at a base in Pittsfield by the end of the calendar month.^[55] In the meantime, some 120 rebels had regrouped in New Lebanon, New York, and they crossed the border on February 27, marching showtime on Stockbridge, Massachusetts, a major market place town in the southwestern corner of the state. They raided the shops of merchants and the homes of merchants and local professionals. This came to the attention of Brigadier John Ashley, who mustered a forcefulness of some 80 men and caught up with the rebels in nearby Sheffield late in the 24-hour interval for the bloodiest run across of the rebellion: 30 rebels were wounded (one mortally), at to the lowest degree one government soldier was killed, and many were wounded.^[56] Ashley was further reinforced afterwards the encounter, and he reported taking 150 prisoners.^[57]

Consequences [edit]

4 yard people signed confessions acknowledging participation in the events of the rebellion in exchange for immunity. Several hundred participants were eventually indicted on charges relating to the rebellion, simply most of these were pardoned under a general immunity that excluded simply a few ringleaders. Eighteen men were convicted and sentenced to death, but virtually of these had their sentences commuted or overturned on appeal, or were pardoned. John Bly and Charles Rose, however, were hanged on December 6, 1787.^[58] They were also accused of a common-law crime, as both were looters.

Shays was pardoned in 1788 and he returned to Massachusetts from hiding in the Vermont woods.^[59] He was vilified by the Boston printing, who painted him as an archetypal anarchist opposed to the government.^[threescore] He later on moved to the Conesus, New York area, where he died poor and obscure in 1825.^[59]

The burdensome of the rebellion and the harsh terms of reconciliation imposed by the Disqualification Act all worked against Governor Bowdoin politically. He received few votes from the rural parts of the land and was trounced by John Hancock in the gubernatorial election of 1787.^[61] The military victory was tempered by taxation changes in subsequent years. The legislature cut taxes and placed a moratorium on debts and besides refocused state spending away from interest payments, resulting in a 30-percent decline in the value of Massachusetts securities as those payments roughshod in deficit.^[62]

Vermont was an unrecognized independent republic that had been seeking independent statehood from New York's claims to the territory. It became an unexpected casher of the rebellion past sheltering the insubordinate ringleaders. Alexander Hamilton bankrupt from other New Yorkers, including major landowners with claims on Vermont territory, calling for the state to recognize and back up Vermont's bid for access to the matrimony. He cited Vermont's de facto independence and its ability to cause problem past providing support to the discontented from neighboring states, and he introduced legislation that broke the impasse between New York and Vermont. Vermonters responded favorably to the overture, publicly pushing Eli Parsons and Luke Day out of the country (but quietly continuing to support others).^{[ citation needed ]} Vermont became the fourteenth state afterwards negotiations with New York and the passage of the new constitution.^[63]

Impact on the Constitution [edit]

Thomas Jefferson was serving as ambassador to France at the time and refused to be alarmed by Shays' Rebellion. He argued in a letter to James Madison on January 30, 1787, that occasional rebellion serves to preserve freedoms. In a alphabetic character to William Stephens Smith on November 13, 1787, Jefferson wrote, "The tree of liberty must exist refreshed from time to time with the claret of patriots and tyrants. Information technology is its natural manure."^[64] In contrast, George Washington had been calling for constitutional reform for many years, and he wrote in a letter dated October 31, 1786, to Henry Lee, "You talk, my good sir, of employing influence to appease the present tumults in Massachusetts. I know not where that influence is to be found, or, if attainable, that it would be a proper remedy for the disorders. Influence is not authorities. Permit us have a government past which our lives, liberties, and properties will be secured, or let united states know the worst at one time."^{[65] [66]}

Influence upon the Constitutional Convention [edit]

At the fourth dimension of the rebellion, the weaknesses of the federal regime as constituted under the Articles of Confederation were apparent to many. A vigorous debate was going on throughout the states on the need for a stronger cardinal government, with Federalists arguing for the idea, and Anti-Federalists opposing them. Historical opinion is divided on what sort of role the rebellion played in the formation and afterward ratification of the United states Constitution, although nearly scholars agree that it played some function, at least temporarily drawing some anti-Federalists to the strong authorities side.^[67]

By early 1785, many influential merchants and political leaders were already agreed that a stronger central government was needed. Soon subsequently Shays' Rebellion broke out, delegates from five states met in Annapolis, Maryland from September 11–fourteen, 1786, and they concluded that vigorous steps were needed to reform the federal regime, only they disbanded considering of a lack of full representation and authority, calling for a convention of all the states to be held in Philadelphia in May 1787.^[68] Historian Robert Feer notes that several prominent figures had hoped that the convention would neglect, requiring a larger-calibration convention, and French diplomat Louis-Guillaume Otto thought that the convention was intentionally cleaved off early to achieve this stop.^[69]

In early on 1787, John Jay wrote that the rural disturbances and the inability of the primal government to fund troops in response made "the inefficiency of the Federal authorities more than and more manifest".^[seventy] Henry Knox observed that the uprising in Massachusetts clearly influenced local leaders who had previously opposed a strong federal government. Historian David Szatmary writes that the timing of the rebellion "convinced the elites of sovereign states that the proposed gathering at Philadelphia must have place".^[71] Some states delayed choosing delegates to the proposed convention, including Massachusetts, in part because it resembled the "actress-legal" conventions organized past the protestors before the rebellion became violent.^[72]

Influence upon the Constitution [edit]

Elbridge Gerry (1861 portrait past James Bogle) opposed the Constitution as drafted, although his reasons for doing so were non strongly influenced past the rebellion.

The convention that met in Philadelphia was dominated past strong-authorities advocates.^[73] Delegate Oliver Ellsworth of Connecticut argued that because the people could not be trusted (equally exemplified by Shays' Rebellion), the members of the federal Firm of Representatives should be called by state legislatures, non by pop vote.^[74] The example of Shays' Rebellion may as well have been influential in the addition of language to the constitution concerning the ability of states to manage domestic violence, and their power to need the return of individuals from other states for trial.^[75]

The rebellion also played a role in the discussion of the number of principal executives the Us would take going forward. While mindful of tyranny, delegates of the Constitutional Convention idea that the unmarried executive would be more than effective in responding to national disturbances.^[76]

Federalists cited the rebellion as an case of the confederation regime's weaknesses, while opponents such equally Elbridge Gerry, a merchant speculator and Massachusetts delegate from Essex County, thought that a federal response to the rebellion would accept been fifty-fifty worse than that of the state. He was one of the few convention delegates who refused to sign the new constitution, although his reasons for doing so did not stem from the rebellion.^[77]

Influence upon ratification [edit]

When the constitution had been drafted, Massachusetts was viewed by Federalists equally a land that might non ratify it, because of widespread anti-Federalist sentiment in the rural parts of the state. Massachusetts Federalists, including Henry Knox, were agile in courting swing votes in the debates leading up to the state's ratifying convention in 1788. When the vote was taken on February half dozen, 1788, representatives of rural communities involved in the rebellion voted against ratification past a wide margin, merely the solar day was carried past a coalition of merchants, urban elites, and market place town leaders. The state ratified the constitution by a vote of 187 to 168.^[78]

Historians are divided on the impact the rebellion had on the ratification debates. Robert Feer notes that major Federalist pamphleteers rarely mentioned information technology and that some anti-Federalists used the fact that Massachusetts survived the rebellion equally evidence that a new constitution was unnecessary.^[79] Leonard Richards counters that publications like the Pennsylvania Gazette explicitly tied anti-Federalist opinion to the rebel cause, calling opponents of the new constitution "Shaysites" and the Federalists "Washingtonians".^[80]

David Szatmary argues that debate in some states was affected, specially in Massachusetts, where the rebellion had a polarizing effect.^[81] Richards records Henry Jackson's observation that opposition to ratification in Massachusetts was motivated by "that cursed spirit of insurgency", just that broader opposition in other states originated in other ramble concerns expressed by Elbridge Gerry, who published a widely distributed pamphlet outlining his concerns near the vagueness of some of the powers granted in the constitution and its lack of a Bill of Rights.^[82]

The military powers enshrined in the constitution were presently put to use by President George Washington. Later on the passage by the U.s.a. Congress of the Whiskey Act, protest against the taxes information technology imposed began in western Pennsylvania. The protests escalated and Washington led federal and state militia to put downwards what is now known as the Whiskey Rebellion.^[83]

Memorials [edit]

The events and people of the uprising are commemorated in the towns where they lived and those where events took place. Sheffield erected a memorial (pictured above) marking the site of the "last boxing" on the Sheffield-Egremont Route in Sheffield, across the road from the Appalachian Trail trailhead. Pelham memorialized Daniel Shays past naming the portion of The states Road 202 that runs through Pelham the Daniel Shays Highway. A statue of Full general Shepard was erected in his hometown of Westfield.^[84]

In the boondocks of Petersham, Massachusetts, a memorial was erected in 1927 past the New England Gild of Brooklyn, New York in celebration of General Benjamin Lincoln's rout of the Shaysite forces there on the morn of Feb iv. The lengthy inscription is typical of the traditional, pro-government interpretation, ending with the line, "Obedience to the law is true liberty."^{[85] [86]}

See too [edit]

• Chips's Rebellion
• List of incidents of civil unrest in the Us
• Paper Money Riot
• Tax resistance in the United states
• Whiskey Rebellion

Notes [edit]

1. ^ Minot, p. 150
2. ^ Richards, Leonard L. (2002-01-31). Shays'south Rebellion. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. doi:10.9783/9780812203196. ISBN9780812203196.
3. ^ "Shays' Rebellion [ushistory.org]". www.ushistory.org.
4. ^ "Shays' Rebellion".
5. ^ Richards, Leonard (2003). Shays's Rebellion: The American Revolution's Final Boxing. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Printing. ISBN978-0-8122-1870-1.
6. ^ Szatmary, pp. ane–ten
7. ^ Szatmary, pp. ten–fifteen
8. ^ Szatmary, p. 32
9. ^ Szatmary, pp. 25–31
10. ^ Richards, p. 85
11. ^ Szatmary, pp. 29–34
12. ^ ^{a b} Zinn, p. 91
13. ^ Hahn, John Willard (1946). The Background of Shays's Rebellion: A Study of Massachusetts History, 1780–1787. University of Wisconsin–Madison. p. 33.
14. ^ Mitchell, Broadus (1957). Heritage from Hamilton. Columbia University Press. p. 26. ISBN9780598382382 . Retrieved April 26, 2016.
15. ^ ^{a b c d due east} Zinn, p. 93
16. ^ Szatmary, p. 43
17. ^ Bacon, p. 1:148
18. ^ Szatmary, pp. 38–42, 45
19. ^ G. North
20. ^ Richards, pp. 87–88
21. ^ Richards, p. 88
22. ^ Richards, pp. 6–9
23. ^ Szatmary, p. 38
24. ^ ^{a b c d} Morse, p. 208
25. ^ Szatmary, p. 56
26. ^ Szatmary, pp. 79–80
27. ^ Szatmary, p. 80
28. ^ Szatmary, pp. 78–79
29. ^ Richards, pp. 84–87
30. ^ ^{a b} Kingdom of the netherlands, pp. 245–247
31. ^ Holland, p. 247
32. ^ Manuel, p. 219
33. ^ Szatmary, p. 84
34. ^ Szatmary, p. 92
35. ^ Szatmary, pp. 92–93
36. ^ Szatmary, p. 94
37. ^ Szatmary, p. 97
38. ^ Szatmary, pp. 84–86
39. ^ Szatmary, pp. 86–89, 104
40. ^ Szatmary, pp. 98–99
41. ^ Richards, pp. 27–28
42. ^ Holland, p. 261
43. ^ Richards, p. 28
44. ^ Szatmary, p. 101
45. ^ Richards, p. 29
46. ^ Szatmary, p. 102
47. ^ Szatmary, p. 103
48. ^ Szatmary, pp. 103–104
49. ^ Szatmary, p. 105
50. ^ Richards, pp. 31, 120
51. ^ Szatmary, p. 108
52. ^ Richards, p. 34
53. ^ Richards, p. 32
54. ^ Richards, p. 33
55. ^ Richards, p. 35
56. ^ Szatmary (p. 122) and Richards (p. 36) disagree on the casualty figures. Szatmary reports three government soldiers killed, Richards ane. Richards does not study on the government wounded.
57. ^ Richards, p. 36
58. ^ Richards, pp. 38–41
59. ^ ^{a b} Zinn, p. 95
60. ^ Richards, p. 117
61. ^ Richards, pp. 38–39
62. ^ Richards, p. 119
63. ^ Richards, p. 122
64. ^ Foner, p. 219
65. ^ Society, p. 2:26
66. ^ Feer, p. 396
67. ^ Szatmary, p. 120
68. ^ Szatmary, p. 122
69. ^ Feer, pp. 391–392
70. ^ Szatmary, p. 123
71. ^ Szatmary, p. 127
72. ^ Feer, p. 393
73. ^ Richards, p. 132
74. ^ Richards, p. 134
75. ^ Szatmary, p. 130
76. ^ Milkis, Due south., Nelson, M., The American Presidency. Washington: CQ Press, 2003. Fourth Edition. Print
77. ^ Feer, p. 395
78. ^ Szatmary, p. 133
79. ^ Feer, p. 404
80. ^ Richards, p. 139
81. ^ Szatmary, pp. 128–132
82. ^ Richards, pp. 141–143
83. ^ Richards, pp. 135–136
84. ^ Richards, pp. 117–118
85. ^ Peet, Richard (March 1996). "A Sign Taken for History: Daniel Shays' Memorial in Petersham, Massachusetts". Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 86 (ane): 21–43. doi:ten.1111/j.1467-8306.1996.tb01744.x. JSTOR 2563945.
86. ^ "Shays' Rebellion – Object: Petersham Monument". shaysrebellion.stcc.edu . Retrieved 2021-01-08 .

Bibliography [edit]

• Bacon, Edwin M., ed. (1896). Supplement to the Acts and Resolves of Massachusetts. Boston: Geo. Ellis. p. 148. OCLC 14050329. Retrieved 2009-08-26 .
• Feer, Robert (September 1969). "Shays'due south Rebellion and the Constitution: A Study in Causation". The New England Quarterly. 42 (three): 388–410. doi:10.2307/363616. JSTOR 363616.
• Foner, Eric (2006). Give Me Liberty! An American History. New York: W.Due west Norton. ISBN978-0-393-92782-5. OCLC 61479662.
• Holland, Josiah Gilbert (1855). History of Western Massachusetts. Springfield, MA: Southward. Bowles. p. 245. OCLC 505288328.
• Lodge, Henry Cabot (1889). American Statesmen: George Washington. Houghton, Mifflin. p. 26. OCLC 123204544.
• Manuel, Frank Edward; Manuel, Fritzie Prigohzy (2004). James Bowdoin and the Patriot Philosophers. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society. ISBN978-0-87169-247-4. OCLC 231993575.
• Morse, Anson (1909). The Federalist Party in Massachusetts to the Year 1800. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. OCLC 718724.
• North, Gary (Feb 9, 2004). "John Hancock'south Big Toe and the Constitution". LewRockwell.com. Retrieved 21 Jan 2013.
• Richards, Leonard L (2002). Shays'due south Rebellion: The American Revolution's Final Battle. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN978-0-8122-1870-1. OCLC 56029217.
• Swift, Esther 1000. (1969). West Springfield Massachusetts: A Town History. Springfield, MA: F. A. Bassette Visitor. OCLC 69843.
• Szatmary, David P. (1980). Shays' Rebellion: The Making of an Agrarian Insurrection . University of Massachusetts Press. ISBN978-0-87023-419-4.
• Zinn, Howard (2005). A People's History of the United States. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN978-0-06-083865-2. OCLC 61265580.

Further reading [edit]

Additional scholarly sources

• Beard, Charles (1935). An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States. New York: Macmillan.
• Gross, Robert A. "A Yankee Rebellion? The Regulators, New England, and the New Nation," New England Quarterly (2009) 82#one pp. 112–135 in JSTOR
• Gross, Robert A., ed. (1993). In Debt to Shays: The Bicentennial of an Agrarian Rebellion. University Press of Virginia. ISBN978-0-8139-1354-iv.
• Unhurt, Edward Everett (1891). The Story of Massachusetts. Boston: D. Lothrop Company. p. 301.
• Kaufman, Martin, ed. (1987). Shays'due south Rebellion: Selected Essays. Westfield, MA: Westfield State Higher. OCLC 15339286.
• McCarthy, Timothy Patrick; McMillan, John, eds. (2011). The Radical Reader: A Documentary History of the American Radical Tradition. New York: New Printing. ISBN978-ane-59558-742-8. OCLC 741491899. (Reprints a petition to the country legislature.)
• Middleton, Lamar (1968) [1938]. Revolt, U.s.. Freeport, NY: Books for Libraries Press. OCLC 422400.
• Minot, George Richards (1788). History of the Insurrections in Massachusetts. Worcester, MA: Isaiah Thomas. p. 3. OCLC 225355026. (The earliest account of the rebellion. Although this business relationship was deeply unsympathetic to the rural Regulators, it became the basis for almost subsequent tellings, including the many mentions of the rebellion in Massachusetts town and state histories.)
• Munroe, James Phinney (1915). New England Censor: With Typical Examples. Boston: R. K. Annoy. p. 89. OCLC 1113783.
• Shattuck, Gary, Aesthetic and Designing Men: The Trials of Task Shattuck and the Regulation of 1786–1787. Mustang, OK: Tate Publishing, 2013. ISBN 978-1-62746-575-v
• Starkey, Marion Lena (1955). A Footling Rebellion . New York: Knopf. OCLC 1513271.
• Wier, Robert (2007). "Shays' Rebellion". In Wier, Robert (ed.). Grade in America: Q–Z. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Grouping. ISBN978-0-313-34245-5. OCLC 255745185.

Fictional treatments

• Bellamy, Edward (1900). The Duke of Stockbridge: A Romance of Shays' Rebellion. New York, Boston, and Chicago: Argent, Burdett & Co. OCLC 656929797. (Fictional depiction of the rebellion, as social commentary.)
• Collier, James Lincoln; Collier, Christopher (1978). The Winter Hero . Four Winds Press. (The rebellion is the central story of this children's novel.)
• Degenhard, William (1943). The Regulators. New York: The Dial Press. OCLC 1663869.
• Martin, William (2007). The Lost Constitution . Forge Books; Reprint edition. (The rebellion plays a key office in this novel.)

External links [edit]

• Shays's Rebellion (George Washington'southward Mount Vernon)
• "To Gen Washington from Gen. Benjamin Lincoln" (a letter extensively covering the events of Shays' Rebellion) (National Archives)

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shays%27_Rebellion

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